Scandinavian Mixes
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Precedent Norse (Old Norse) - October 2002 LoAR - Gorm Bolin
- 1.2 Swedish-Russian Interactions
- 1.2.1 Discussion of Finnic and Scandinavian names in lists (911 & 944) of Rus ambassadors -
- 1.2.2 907 Treaty
- 1.2.3 911 Treaty
- 1.2.4 944/945 Treaty
- 1.2.5 Melnikov Notes
- 1.2.6 A very detailed account of the early Riurikids with foreign marriages, etc. -
- 1.2.7 Prince Yaroslav I figures in Norse sagas as Jarisleif "the lame":
- 1.2.8 Prince Vladimir I Yaroslavich apparently is recorded as Valdemar Holti "the nimble" from when he was exiled:
Introduction
Scandinavian languages include Norse/Old Norse, Old East Norse, Old West Norse, Old Swedish, Old Danish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian,
etc.
The undated names from Geirr Bassi, and other undated Old Norse names, are considered good up until 1100 AD by precedent.
According to Gunnvor at http://www.s-gabriel.org/names/gunnvor/varangian/ :
...
the greatest number of Scandinavians who travelled eastwards into Russia or east and south towards Byzantium originated in eastern Scandinavia or its colonies. East Scandinavia, including Sweden, Denmark, and Scandinavian colonies in Russia and the Baltic, used a slightly different dialect than did the western Scandinavians. From the beginning of the Viking Age, there were enough differences between the Old Norse spoken in western Scandinavia to differentiate the western dialect from that of eastern Scandinavia. The differences in Old West Norse and Old East Norse (OE.Norse, the language used in Sweden, Denmark, and other parts of eastern Scandinavia) increased noticably after 1000.
The original runic inscriptions show some of these dialectical differences in the names presented below. This is not to say that eastern Scandinavians were the only east-farers -- several famous Icelanders, and even the reknowned Norwegian king Haraldr harðráði served in the Varangian Guard in Byzantium -- but most of the people of Scandinavian antecedents in Russia and Byzantium would have been men from Sweden, Denmark, Kiev, and other East Scandinavian settlements.
A settlement of Scandinavian merchants was maintained in Novgorod, complementing the settlement of German merchants. [Vernadsky, "Dawn"]
Alexander Sitzmann. 2007. "Die skandinavischen Personennamen in den Birkenrindeninschriften" [The Scandinavian Personal Names in the Birchbark inscriptions] Scando-Slavica 53; 25-31
Until now there have been found about one thousand birch bark documents in Northern Russia, containing approximately one thousand different personal names (including patronymics, nicknames, possessive adjectives etc.), most of them of Christian-Greek or native Slavic origin. Besides a number of Finno-Ugrian names, there is also a small number of Scandinavian personal names. The article shows that more than half of these names are already documented in the Primary Chronicle (Glebъ [with hypocoristic forms in -ьcь and -ko], Jakunъ [possibly also the hypocoristic form Jaksa], Ljutъ, Rjurę [as a hypocoristic form of Rjurikъ] and Svenь), two names (Azъgutъ and Vigarь) are likely to be of Scandinavian origin, another two (Stenь and Velьjutъ) may be Scandinavian
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00806760701758323-001
*Jakunovaja (from genitive singular ękunovy from Hákon)
*Vělьjutovъ (from genitive plural vělьjutovycho, possibly from Víliútr.)
"Russian Personal Names: Name Frequency in the Novgorod Birch-Bark Letters" by Masha Gedilaghine Holl -
| Iakunovaia | XIV/263 | Iakun |
https://www.s-gabriel.org/names/predslava/bbl/women.html#Women's 3a
Precedent Norse (Old Norse) - October 2002 LoAR - Gorm Bolin
| François la Flamme | 2002.10 | Submitted as Gorm Bola, the submitter requested authenticity for early Norse/Russian. There was sufficient contact between the Norse and Russia to make a name mixing these languages registerable, though it is a weirdness. In period, a name combining elements from these languages would have been written all in Norse or all in Russian depending upon the language of the document in which the name was recorded. Lacking a Russian form of Gorm or a Norse form of Bola, we were unable to suggest authentic forms of this name. [...] [Gorm Bolin, 10/2002, A-Middle] |
Swedish-Russian Interactions
As neighboring nations with competing/complementary tactical and economic interests on the Baltic Sea, Russia and Sweden have had ongoing interactions throughout SCA period from the time of the Road from the Varangians to the Greeks which formed the axis around which the early Rus state emerged with Old Norse rulers (which is why Old Norse/Russian names are registerable SFPP), up to the time of Ivan the Terrible when Swedish and Russian forces fought over access to the Baltic Sea.
1240 AD Aleksandr Yaroslavich defeats a Swedish force led by Earl Birger, who is attempting to block Novgorod's access to the sea, on the Neva River, which earns Aleksander the name "Nevski".
1251 AD On death of Svyatoslav in 1248 Andrei Yaroslavich of Suzdal is appointed Grand Prince. Aleksandr goes again to Sarai for confirmation by Batu, but Andrei refuses to go. Sartak leads Mongol army to Vladimir in 1252 and defeats Andrei near Peryeyaslavl-in-Suzdalia then devastates region. Andrei flees to Novgorod and then to Sweden to evade Mongol pursuit.
1256 AD Andrei II returns from Sweden and is given yarlik for Gorodetz and Nizhni Novgorod.
1323 AD Treaty of Noteborg ends Swedish-Novgorodian war.
1327-28 Alexander I of Tver fled with his family to exile in Sweden after Ivan Kalita of Moscow convinced the Mongol khan to punish him for a massacre of Mongol tax collectors.
1347 AD King Magnus of Sweden is attempting to convert the Novgorodians to Catholicism either by words or the sword.
Ivan III "the Great" (1440-1505) concluded an offensive alliance with Hans of Denmark and maintained a regular correspondence with Emperor Maximilian I, who called him a "brother". He built a strong citadel in Ingria (named Ivangorod after himself), which proved of great consequence to Russians in the war with Sweden, which had been preceded by Ivan's detention of the Hanseatic merchants trading in Novgorod.
1496 AD War between Moscow and Sweden. Swedes capture Ivangorod...
Ivan IV "the Terrible" (1440-1505) launched a victorious war of seaward expansion to the west, only to find himself fighting the Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, and the Livonian Teutonic Knights. For twenty-four years the Livonian War dragged on.
1575 AD War between Muscovy and Sweden begins in Estonia.
1578 AD Russians defeated by Swedes at Wenden.
In 1595 Tsar Boris Godunov recovered from Sweden the towns lost during the former reign. Having won the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he felt the necessity of a Baltic seaboard, and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians, in order to intermarry if possible with foreign royal houses, so as to increase the dignity of his own dynasty.
http://www.allempires.net/finno-ugrian-impact-on-russian-ethnos_topic20088&OB=DESC_page5.html
907 Treaty
Names from the 907 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:
Олег же, немного отойдя от столицы, начал переговоры о мире с греческими царями Леоном и Александром и послал к ним в столицу Карла, Фарлафа, Вермуда, Рулава и Стемида со словами: "Платите мне дань".
Names from above (all in accusative case): Karla, Farlafa, Vermuda, Rulava, Stemida.
In nominative case: Karl, Farlaf, Vermud, Rulav, Stemid.
All of the above names are also found in the 911 treaty, in the same order (with some extra people added in between)!
Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL): Karl or Karli, Farulfr (why different from 911 version?), Vermundr (why different from 911?), Hrothleifr, Steinvithr. VAL info from: Ellis-Davidson, Hilda Roderick. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1976. p. 90. http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/VarangianNames.shtml
| Treaty forms | In nominative case: | Normalized Old West (! - treaty names are likely Old East aka Swedish) Norse per Viking Answer Lady (VAL): |
| Karla, Farlafa, Vermuda, Rulava, Stemida. | Karl, Farlaf, Vermud, Rulav, Stemid | Karl or Karli, Farulfr (different from 911), Vermundr (different from 911), Hrothleifr, Steinvithr. |
911 Treaty
Names from the 911 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle:
Мы от рода русского - Карлы, Инегелд, Фарлаф, Веремуд, Рулав, Гуды, Руалд, Карн, Фрелав, Руар, Актеву, Труан, Лидул, Фост, Стемид...
List of names from above: Karly, Inegeld, Farlaf (Farlo per VAL), Veremud, Rulav, Gudy (Goudy per VAL), Ruald (Rouad per VAL), Karn (Kari per VAL, but the Russian is clearly Карн, not Кари), Frelav, Ruar (Roal/Ruar in VAL), Aktevu, Truan, Lidul, Fost, Stemid. (Discrepencies between VAL and my version may be differences between Old Russian and modern Russian, for example the old Russian ou is now simply u. There are also multiple manuscripts of the Primary Chronicle.)
Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms of above per Viking Answer Lady (VAL):
Karl (Karli?), Ingjaldr, Farleifr (different from 907), Vermothr (different from 907), Hrolleifr, Guthi, Hroaldr, Kari, Freleifr, Hroaldr, omitted Aktevu, omitted Truan, mitted Lidul, omitted Fost, omitted Stemid, added Hroerekr.
Her original order: Farlo/Farleifr, Frelav/Freleifr, Goudy/Guthi, Rouad/Hroaldr, Roal/Hroaldr aka Ruar/Hroarr, Rurik/Hroerekr, Rulav/Hrolleifr, Inegeld/Ingjaldr, Kari [sic]/Kari, Karly/Karl, Vermoud/Vermothr.
VAL info from:
Sigfús Blöndal. The Varangians of Byzantium. London: Cambridge. 1978. p. 36.
Standardized Norse of above per allempires.net discussion: Karl, Ingjald, Farulf/-leif?, Värmund, Hrolf, Gudi, Hroald, Kari? (mispelled и for н?), Fridleif, Hroald, Angantyr, Thrond, Lidulf, Fasti, ? (Stenvid maybe).
Gudy and Aktevu of these are considered "Finnish" by majority of modern scholars - per allempires discussion.
| Treaty forms | Normalized Old West (!) Norse forms per Viking Answer Lady (VAL): | VAL site original order | Standardized Norse per allempires.net discussion |
| Karly, Inegeld, Farlaf (Farlo per VAL), Veremud, Rulav, Gudy (Goudy per VAL), Ruald (Rouad per VAL), Karn (Kari per VAL, but the Russian is clearly Карн, not Кари), Frelav, Ruar (Roal/Ruar in VAL), Aktevu, Truan, Lidul, Fost, Stemid. | Karl (Karli?), Ingjaldr, Farleifr (different from 907), Vermothr (different from 907), Hrolleifr, Guthi, Hroaldr, Kari, Freleifr, Hroaldr, omitted Aktevu, omitted Truan, omitted Lidul, omitted Fost, omitted Stemid, added Hroerekr. | Farlo/Farleifr, Frelav/Freleifr, Goudy/Guthi, Rouad/Hroaldr, Roal/Hroaldr aka Ruar/Hroarr, Rurik/Hroerekr, Rulav/Hrolleifr, Inegeld/Ingjaldr, Kari [sic]/Kari, Karly/Karl, Vermoud/Vermothr. | Karl, Ingjald, Farulf/-leif?, Värmund, Hrolf, Gudi, Hroald, Kari? (mispelled и for н?), Fridleif, Hroald, Angantyr, Thrond, Lidulf, Fasti, ? (Stenvid maybe). |
944/945 Treaty
Introduction to the 944/945 treaty with Byzantium per modern Russian translation of the Primary Chronicle under 945 - http://www.old-russian.chat.ru/01povest.htm
...Мы - от рода русского послы и купцы, Ивор, посол Игоря, великого князя русского, и общие послы: Вуефаст от Святослава, сына Игоря; Искусеви от княгини Ольги; Слуды от Игоря, племянник Игорев; Улеб от Володислава; Каницар от Предславы; Шихберн Сфандр от жены Улеба; Прастен Тудоров; Либиар Фастов; Грим Сфирьков; Прастен Акун, племянник Игорев; Кары Тудков; Каршев Тудоров; Егри Евлисков; Воист Войков; Истр Аминодов; Прастен Бернов; Явтяг Гунарев; Шибрид Алдан; Кол Клеков; Стегги Етонов; Сфирка...; Алвад Гудов; Фудри Туадов; Мутур Утин; купцы Адунь, Адулб, Иггивлад, Улеб, Фрутан, Гомол, Куци, Емиг, Туробид, Фуростен, Бруны, Роальд, Гунастр, Фрастен, Игелд, Турберн, Моне, Руальд, Свень, Стир, Алдан, Тилен, Апубексарь, Вузлев, Синко, Борич, посланные от Игоря, великого князя русского, и от всякого княжья, и от всех людей Русской земли. )
Per Laurentian Text under 944 - http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr03.htm
...мъı ѿ рода Рускаго . съли и гостьє . Иворъ солъ Игоревъ . великаго кнѧзѧ Рускаго . и ѡбъчии сли . Вуефастъ Свѧтославль сн҃ь Игоревъ. Искусеви Ѡльги кнѧгини Слудъı Игоревъ . нети Игоревъ . Оулѣбъ Володиславль Каницаръ Передъславинъ Шихъбернъ . Сфандръ . женъı Улѣблѣ Прасьтѣнь Туръдуви Либиаръ Фастовъ . Гримъ Сфирьковъ Прастѣнъ . Акунъ. нети Игоревъ Каръı . Тудковъ. Каршевъ . Туръдовъ. Егри Евлисковъ. [Воистъ] Е Воиковъ. Истръ. Аминодовъ. Прастѣнъ . Берновъ. Ӕвтѧгъ. Гунаровъ Шибридъ. Алданъ Колъ Клековъ. Стегги Етоновъ . /л.11об./ Сфирка . Алвадъ Гудовъ . Фудри Туадовъ. Мутуръ Оутинъ . купець Адунь . Адулбъ . Иггивладъ . Ѡлѣбъ 8 Фрутанъ . Гомолъ . Куци . Ємигъ . Туръбидъ. Фуръстѣнъ . Брунъı . Роалдъ Гунастръ . Фрастѣнъ . Игелъдъ . Туръбернъ . Монъı . Руалдъ . Свѣнь . Стиръ . Алданъ . Тилена. Пубьксарь. Вузлѣвъ. Синко . Боричь. послании ѿ Игорѧ . великого кнѧзѧ Рускаго . и ѿ всѧкоӕ кнѧжьӕ и ѿ всѣхъ людии Рускиӕ землѧ .
Per Ipatevskii Text under 945 - http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat03.htm
...мы ѿ рода Рускаго слы Б . и гостьє Иворъ солъ Б Игорєвъ великаго кнѧзѧ Рускаго . и ѡбьчии сли Б. Вуєфастъ Ст҃ославль сн҃а Игорева . Искусєви Ѡлгы кнѧгынѧ . Слуды Игорєвъ . нєтии Игорєвъ . Оу/л.18об./лѣбъ Володиславль . Каницаръ Перъславинъ . Шигобернъ . Сфандръ . жены Оулѣбовы . Прастенъ . Турдуви . Либи . Арьфастов . Гримъ Сфирковъ . Прастѣнъ . Ӕкунъ . нетии Игоревъ . Кары Тудковъ . Каршевъ . Тудоровъ . Єгри . Єрлисковъ . Воистовъ . Иковъ . Истръ Ӕминдовъ . Ӕтьвѧгъ Гунаревъ . Шибьридъ . Алдань . Колъ Клєковъ Г. Стегги Єтоновъ . Сфирка . Алвадъ Гудовъ . Фудри Тулбовъ . Муторъ . Оутинъ купѣць . Адунь . Адолбъ . Ангивладъ . Оулѣбъ . Фрутанъ . Гомолъ . Куци Ємигъ . Турьбридъ . Фурьстѣнъ . Бруны Роалъдъ . Гунастръ . Фрастѣнъ . Инъгелдъ . Турбернъ̑ . и другии Турбернъ . Оулѣбъ . Турбенъ . Моны . Руалдъ . Свѣньстиръ . Алданъ . Тилии. Апубкарь . Свѣнь . Вузелѣвъ . и Синько биричь . послании ѿ Игорѧ . великого кнѧзѧ Рускаго . и ѿ всеӕ кнѧжьӕ . и ѿ всѣх людии Рус̑коє земли
Translated/transliterated list of names from above:
Ivor" ambassador of Igor, grand prince of the Rus; Vuefast from Sviatoslav, son of Igor; Iskusevi from kniaginia Ol'ga; Sludy from Igor, plemyannik of Igor; Uleb from Volodislav; Kanitsar from Predslava; Shikhbern Sfandr from wife of Uleb; Prasten Tudorov; Libiar Fastov; Grim Sfir'kov; Prasten Akun, plemyannik of Igor;Kary Tudkov; Karshev Tudorov; Egri Evliskov; Voist Voikov; Istr Aminodov; Prasten Bernov; Yavtyag Gunarev; Shibrid Aldan; Kol Klekov; Steggi Etonov; Sfirka ...; Alvad Gudov; Fundri Tuadov; Mutur Utin; merchants Adun, Adulb, Iggivlad, Uleb, Frutan, Gomol, Kutsi, Emig, Turobid, Furosten, Bruny, Roal'd, Gunastr, Frasten, Igeld, Turbern, Mone, Ruald, Sven', Aldan, Tilen, Apubeksar', Vuzlev, Sinko, Borich.
From Nordiskt runnamnslexikon The Dictionary of Norse Runic Names, by Lena Peterson (or VAL) - Ivor, Ingvar/Ikuar; Vithfastr & Vifastr & Vigfastr, Ingvar/Ikuar; Haelga/Elka; Sluta, Ingvar/Ikuar; Óleifr (VAL); Sigbiorn Sfandr; Óleifr (VAL);
Fro/ystaeinn (Freysteinn per VAL) Tudorov; Libbi & Lik(n)biorn, Fasti; Grimr, Sfir'kov; Fro/ystaeinn (Freysteinn per VAL), Hagni/Hagun-; Kari, Tudkov; Haeggi, Evliskov; Voist, Boi; Iostaeinn, Aminodov, Fro/ystaeinn (Freysteinn per VAL), Biorn; Yavtya, Gunn- & Gunna & Gunnar; Shibrid Aldi; Kolla & Kolli & Kulli & Kulr, Klakki; Stigr & Styggr, Aeithorn & Aetta; ;'Sfirka; 'Alver, Guthi; Finnr & Fithr & Fundinn, Tuadov; Utr, Utin; Adun, Adulb, Ingialdr & Ingivaldr, Fro/thr, Gamall, Kusi, Haemingr, Thorvithr, Fro/ystaeinn (Freysteinn per VAL), Brunn, Hroald, Gunn-?, Fro/ystaeinn, Igull & Ingialdr, Turbern, Mani/Moni, Hroald, Thorbiorn, Svaein, Aldi, Thaellinaefir, ...Sinkr....
http://www.sofi.se/images/runor/pdf/lexikon.pdf
Per the discussion at allempires.net, "most of the names are Germano-Norse, but some are Turkic and some, such as Iskusevi, Voist (and Voik), Emig (Jemig actually, compare to tribe of Yem aka Tavastians) and so on", are Finnic.
Melnikov Notes
Prasten also comes from Freysteinn. "Two other commanders-in-chief of Igor’ and Svjatoslav mentioned in the chronicle are Svenel’d and Asmud. The difference in the usage of Slavic names by the Rurikides and by warriors can be explained by the second group’s greater mobility. The majority of warriors came to Rus’ and went home, and only a part of them stayed forever. At the same time they must have suffered less pressure to accommodate themselves to the local population than the princes who needed support on the part of local nobility. The adherence of warrior elite to traditional names is attested by the name of Svenel’d’s son Ljut (< Ljótr)"
"The practice of name-giving in the princely family can be further traced since the 980ies, in the generation of Svjatoslav’s grandchildren. The «Primary chronicle» supplies information about twelve sons and a daughter of Vladimir the Saint[858]. Only one of Vladimir’s sons has an Old Norse name – Gleb (< Guðleifr). All the rest have Slavic names, mostly compounds with – slav (< slava, «fame») as a second stem."
"Since then the number of Scandinavian personal names among the Rurikides’ gets restricted to four masculine names and one feminine name. The most popular among them were Oleg, Igor’, and Gleb (due to canonization of prince Gleb who was murdered in 1015). Rurik is met for the fi rst time in the mid-eleventh century and it was used later from time to time but did not enjoy wide spread. The only feminine name that remained in Old Russian anthroponymicon was Ol’ga. Three other Old Norse names known from the treaties, namely Hákon, Óleifr and Ivarr, continued to be used, now not by the Rurikides, but by Russian nobles."
"...There is great variation in how they are spelled in the treaties. All names except for Oleg, Olga and Igor are spelled as closely to Old Norse as was possible in Old East Slavic. There were also variations in how the vowels were presented Óleifr was shown as Oleb or Uleb, Hákon as Jakun and Akun, Arnfastr as Arfast and Fastr as Fost. The interdentals /þ/ and /ð/ are rendered as d, but also rarely as /z/ or /t/ as in Turd from Þórðr and in Vuzlev from Guðleifr. The Fr- in the beginning of names which was common in Old Norse but rare in Old East Slavic usually appeared as Pr- as in Prasten from Freysteinn. There was no standard way of spelling ON names." per wikipedia article referencing: Melnikova, E.A. (2003) The Cultural Assimilation of the Varangians in Eastern Europe from the Point of View of Language and Literacy in Runica – Germ. – Mediavalia (heiz./n.) Rga-e 37, pp. 454–465. -https://history.wikireading.ru/hpnfDEhILm
"Up to the middle of the tenth century all the names mentioned by the annalist are of Old Norse origin. These are the names of successive Kievan rulers Olg or Oleg (< Helgi) and Igor’ (< Ingvarr), of the latter’s commander-in-chief Svenel’d (< Sveinaldr), and of a group of Oleg’s emissaries who concluded a peace treaty with Byzantine emperor in 911 (or in 907 and 911) after a successful attack on Constantinople in 907. Among fifteen representatives of prince Oleg only two have probably Finnish names, while others bear purely Scandinavian names Karly (< Karli), Inegeld (< Ingjaldr), Farlof (< Farláfr), Veremud (< Vermundr), Rulaf (< Hróðláfr), Gudy (< Góði), Ruald (< Hróðláfr), Karn (< Karn), Frelav (< Friðláfr), Ruar (< Hróarr), Truan (< Þrándr), Fost (< Fastr), and Stemid (< Steinviðr) [854]. The set of names in the 911 treaty is homogeneous and testifies that among the upper layer of Oleg’s retinue there are neither Slavs, no Scandinavians using Slavic personal names.
"The treaty of 944 includes 76 names: of representatives of the princely family (12), their emissaries (11), other agents and their masters (27), and merchants (26). It is in this list where Slavic names appear for the fi rst time. Most of them belong to members of the princely family: Svjatoslav, the son of grand prince Igor’, Volodislav, and Predslava, whose relations to Igor’ are not stated. Other princes and princesses, including Igor’s two nephews, have Old Norse names: Ol’ga (< Helga), Igor’s wife, Akun (< Hákon), Igor’s nephew, Sfanda (< Svanhildr), Uleb (< Óleifr), Turd (< Þórðr), Arfast (< Arnfastr), Sfi r’ka (< Sverkir). Princes’ emissaries bear Old Norse names too, but for three persons whose names are Finnish. There is no correspondence between princes and their emissaries in regard to the origin of their names. Ol’ga is represented by an agent with a Finnish name Iskusevi while Volodislav has an agent named Uleb (< Óleifr). The list of other agents includes a number of Finnish and no Slavic names while the list of merchants contains three Finnish and two Slavic names [855]."
"In the treaties all the names except for Oleg, Ol’ga and Igor’ are rendered in a form as close to the original as the Old Russian phonetic system allowed. At the same time there exist certain fluctuations in rendering vowels /ó/ > o and u (Óleifr > Oleb / Uleb) and /á/, /a/ > a and o (Hákon > Akun, Jakun, Arnfastr > Arfast and Fastr > Fost, the latter two occur both in the treaty of 944). The interdentals /þ/ and /ð/ that lack in Russian are systematically reflected as /d/ (very seldom /z/) and /t/ respectively (Þórðr > Turd, Guðleifr > Vuzlev). The initial Fr– uncommon in Old Russian is usually substituted by Pr– (Freysteinn > Prasten, but sometimes also Frasten). It seems that there was no stable tradition of spelling Old Norse names and the scribe was free in choosing this or that variant[859]."
"On the contrary, the princes and princesses’ names that came into permanent usage in the eleventh century have stable forms common for the whole text of the chronicle. These forms reflect changes that originated in the course of adaptation of the names in Old Russian. Thus, the initial H– in Ol(e)g and Ol(‘)ga is omitted in all cases and the combination of consonants – Ig– started to be occasionally divided by a reduced vowel. Igor’ (< Ingvarr) has a denasalized group Ig– and a compressed second stem while in Gleb (< Guðleifr) it is the first stem that turned to be compressed."
"Though phonetically altered forms of these three names are used in the treaties of the first half of the tenth century, they could hardly appear then or even by the end of the tenth century. Foreign sources of the time of the treaties and of the late tenth century render these names in forms closer to their Old Norse variants than to those found in the Old Russian chronicle. Thus, Byzantine authors of the middle and the second half of the tenth century preserve nasalization in Yngvarr – ????? [Greek - i g g o r?] [860], or ????? [Greek - i g g w r?] [861] and Inger[862]. In the so-called Cambridge document written in Hebrew and telling about an attack of the Rus-people on SMKRYY (Tmutarakan’?) the name of the leader of the assailants is rendered as HLGW, i.e. Helgi with the initial H-[863]. The fact that the adaptation of the name Guðleifr was not complete even in the middle of the eleventh century is attested by a manuscript of 1073 made for prince Svjatoslav where the name Gleb is spelled with a reduced vowel between G and l, the remains of the stem Gu?-"
Wiki - "While the Primary Chronicle uses the same Slavicized forms throughout, rendering Helgi as Ol(e)g, Helga as Ol'ga, Ingvarr as Igor' and Guðleifr as Gleb, they are unlikely to represent the form the names had at the end of the 10th c. Foreign sources give forms closer to the Old Norse originals. Byzantine sources from the second half of the 10th c. preserve the nasalization in Ingvarr, and in the Cambridge document written in Hebrew, Helgi appears as HLGW, with initial H-. The adaptation of Guðleifr was still not complete by 1073, as shown in a manuscript where there is a vowel between G- and -l- in Gleb, showing that the name is still pronounced with an initial Gu-"
"Other birch-bark letters with Old Norse names were written in the second half of the fourteenth century and came to Novgorod from different parts of the Novgorod land. They name Vigar’ (< V?geirr or Vigeirr)[869], a «man of Mikula» Sten’ (< Steinn)[870], Jakun (< H?kon)[871] and a widow of another, Jakun[872]. The most interesting is the birch-bark letter No.[873] that mentions a place-name Gugmor-navolok deriving from ON Gu?marr, and two persons living nearby named Vozemut (< Gu?mundr) and Vel’jut (< V?lj?tr). The combination of these names suggests that a certain Gudmarr once settled on the site near a portage (navolok) on the way to the lands north of lake Onega and that the tradition of using Old Norse names was preserved in the family (or in the community?) into the fourteenth century.
Wiki paraphrase - ...Another letter (no. 130[94]) is from the second half of the 14th c. and was sent to Novgorod from another part of the Novgorod Republic and mentions the names Vigar' (Vigeirr or Végeirr), Sten (Steinn) of Mikula, Jakun (Hákon), and the widow of a second Jakun. The most interesting of the letters (no. 2[94]) mentions a place called Gugmor-navolok, which may derive from Guðmarr, and two people living in the vicinity called Vozemut (Guðmundr) and Vel'jut (Véljótr). Perhaps a Guðmarr once settled near a portage (navolok) on the route to Lake Onega and naming traditions were preserved in the settlement until the 14th c. " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people
Melnikova, E.A. (2003) The Cultural Assimilation of the Varangians in Eastern Europe from the Point of View of Language and Literacy in Runica – Germ. – Mediavalia (heiz./n.) Rga-e 37, pp. 454–465. https://history.wikireading.ru/hpnfDEhILm And also Google ebook - https://books.google.com/books?id=B3gqDwAAQBAJ&pg
| Treaty forms | Nordiskt runnamnslexikon, Melnikova and VAL |
| Vuefast from Sviatoslav, son of Igor; Iskusevi from kniaginia Ol'ga; | Vithfastr & Vifastr & Vigfastr, Ingvar/Ikuar, (Finnish name), Haelga/Elka, |
| Sludy from Igor, plemyannik of Igor; Uleb from Volodislav; | Sluta, Ingvar/Ikuar, Óleifr, (Slavic name) |
| Kanitsar from Predslava; Shikhbern Sfandr from wife of Uleb; Prasten Tudorov; | Sigbiorn, Svanhildr, Óleifr, Freysteinn, Þjóðarr |
| Libiar Fastov; Grim Sfir'kov; Prasten Akun, plemyannik of Igor; | Libbi & Lik(n)biorn, Fasti/Fastr, Grimr, Sverkir, Freysteinn, Hagni/Hagun-/Hakon, Ingvar/Ikuar, |
| Kary Tudkov; Karshev, Tudorov; Egri Evliskov; Voist Voikov; | Kari, Þjóðgeirr?, Karsi, Þjóðarr, Haeggi, ?, ?, Boi, |
| Istr Aminodov; Prasten Bernov; Yavtyag Gunarev; | Iostaeinn, ?, Freysteinn, Biorn, ?, Gunn- & Gunna & Gunnar, |
| Shibrid Aldan; Kol Klekov; Steggi Etonov; Sfirka ...; | ?, Aldi, Kolla & Kolli & Kulli & Kulr, Klakki, Stigr & Styggr, Aeithorn & Aetta, Sverkir |
| Alvad Gudov; Fundri Tuadov; Mutur Utin; | Alver, Guthi, Finnr & Fithr & Fundinn, Þjóðarr/Þjóðólfr/Þjóðgeirr?, ?, Utr, |
| merchants Adun, Adulb, Iggivlad, Uleb, Frutan, Gomol, Kutsi, Emig, Turobid, | ?, ?, Ingialdr & Ingivaldr, Óleifr, Fro/thr, Gamall, Kusi, Haemingr, Thorvithr, |
| Furosten, Bruny, Roal'd, Gunastr, Frasten', | Fro/ystaeinn, Brunn, Hroald, Gunn-?, Fro/ystaeinn, |
| Igeld, Turbern, Mone, Ruald, Sven', Aldan, Tilen, Apubeksar', Vuzlev, Sinko, Borich. | Igull & Ingialdr, Thorbiorn, Mani/Moni, Hroald, Svaein, Aldi, Thaellinaefir, ?, Guðleifr, Sinkr, ? |
A very detailed account of the early Riurikids with foreign marriages, etc. -
http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm
Prince Yaroslav I figures in Norse sagas as Jarisleif "the lame":
Saga of Olaf Haraldson #245 - http://www.scriptoriumnovum.com/l/olaf02.html
Saga of Harald Sigurdon (Hardrada) - http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Hardrada.html
Anund Jakob (Jakun), King of Sweden, brother-in-law of Yaroslav I, had adventures in Rus -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund_Jacob
Prince Vladimir I Yaroslavich apparently is recorded as Valdemar Holti "the nimble" from when he was exiled:
also http://www.septentrionalia.net/etexts/fagrskinna.pdf (not in English) has <Valdamarr gamli>, <Valdamarr Jarizleifsson>, <Valdamarr Knútsson> and <Valdamarr Valdamarsson>, in the index p. 405. These are normalized. The actual texts say things like "Valldimar konongr sun Iarizlæfs", "sun Valdimars" (genitive), "Valdemar Dana konongr" (p. 300).
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Eymundr_Hringsson.html - discussion of a Varangian in Rus
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/King_HXkon_Eymundarson.html - 2nd husband of Elizabeth Yaroslavna
http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Queen_Sigrid_the_Haughty.html - put Vsevolod Vladimirovich of Volhynia to death
Database from which above came: http://www.unc.edu/~smyre/rus/Real_PeopleLinks.html
See:
Rurik Varyag Velmudov - "authentic Russian form of a Viking name".
Scandinavian names from the Birch Bark Letters of Novgorod the Great, and Staraja Russa. by Rebecca Lucas (ffride wlffsdotter)
