North America in these Current Middle Ages

European Contact with North America

Ice Age

Lans aux Meadows

Basque Fishermen

European contacts before Columbus

• 986: Norsemen settle Greenland and Bjarni Herjólfsson sights coast of North America, but doesn't land (see also Norse colonization of the Americas).
• c. 1000: Norse settle briefly in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland.[4]
• c. 1450: Norse colony in Greenland dies out.
• 1473: João Vaz Corte-Real perhaps reaches Newfoundland; writes about the "Land of Cod fish" in his journal.

1000 CE

• First appearance of the Oneota culture - https://archaeology.uiowa.edu/oneota

Late Fifteenth century

• 1492: Columbus reaches The Bahamas,[5] Cuba and Hispaniola.
• 1497: John Cabot reached Newfoundland.[8]
• 1499: João Fernandes Lavrador maps Labrador and Newfoundland

1492

Spanish expedition headed by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the "New World". He ran aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492, which the Taino people had inhabited since the 9th century; the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas

1500s

Sixteenth century

• 1501: Corte-Real brothers explored the today Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador
• 1513: Ponce de Leon in Florida
• 1521: Juan Ponce de León tries and fails to settle in Florida
• 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sails along most of the east coast
• 1525: Estêvão Gomes enters Upper New York Bay[9][10]
• 1526: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón tries to settle in South Carolina
• 1527: Fishermen are using the harbor at St. John's, Newfoundland and other places on the coast
• 1535: Jacques Cartier reaches Quebec
• 1539: Hernando de Soto explores the interior from Florida to Arkansas.
• 1540: Coronado travels from Mexico to eastern Kansas.
• 1540: Spanish reach the Grand Canyon (the area is ignored for the next 200 years)
• 1541: Failed French settlement at Charlesbourg-Royal (Quebec City) by Cartier and Roberval
• 1542: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo on the California coast.
• 1559: Failed Spanish settlement at Pensacola, Florida
• 1562: Failed Huguenot settlement in South Carolina (Charlesfort-Santa Elena site)
• 1564: French Huguenots at Jacksonville, Florida (Fort Caroline)
• 1565: Spanish slaughter French 'heretics' at Fort Caroline.
• 1565: Spanish found Saint Augustine, Florida
• 1566–87: Spanish in South Carolina (Charlesfort-Santa Elena site)
• 1567: France Antarctique destroyed by Portuguese
• 1570: Failed Spanish settlement on Chesapeake Bay (Ajacán Mission)
• 1576: Martin Frobisher on the coast of Labrador and Baffin Island
• 1579: Sir Francis Drake claims New Albion.
• 1583: England formally claims Newfoundland (Humphrey Gilbert)
• 1585: Failed English settlement on Roanoke Island, North Carolina (Lost Colony).
• 1598: Failed French settlement on Sable Island off Nova Scotia
• 1598: Spanish reach Northern New Mexico
• 1600: By 1600 Spain and Portugal were still the only significant colonial powers. North of Mexico the only settlements were Saint Augustine and the isolated outpost in northern New Mexico. Exploration of the interior was largely abandoned after the 1540s. Around Newfoundland 500 or more boats annually were fishing for cod and some fishermen were trading for furs, especially at Tadoussac on the Saint Lawrence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_European_colonization_of_North_America

Spanish

The North and South American mainland fell to the conquistadors, with an estimated 8,000,000 deaths of indigenous populations. Florida fell to Juan Ponce de León after 1513. From 1519 to 1521, Hernán Cortés waged a campaign against the Aztec Empire, ruled by Moctezuma II. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, became Mexico City, the chief city of what the Spanish were now calling "New Spain". More than 240,000 Aztecs died during the siege of Tenochtitlan. Of these, 100,000 died in combat.[2] Between 500 and 1,000 of the Spaniards engaged in the conquest died. Later, the areas that are today California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Missouri, Louisiana, and Alabama were taken over by other conquistadors, such as Hernando de Soto, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas

St. Augustine

St. Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement "San Agustín", as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine.[11] The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years.

In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivière de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France.

Desiring to protect its claimed territories in North America against such incursions, the Spanish Crown issued an asiento to Menéndez, signed by King Philip II on March 20, 1565, granting him expansive trade privileges, the power to distribute lands, and licenses to sell 500 slaves, as well as various titles, including that of adelantado of Florida.[12] This contract directed Menéndez to sail for La Florida, reconnoitre it from the Florida Keys to present-day Canada, and report on its coastal features, with a view to establishing a permanent settlement for the defense of the Spanish treasure fleet. He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown.[13]

See St. Augustine

English

The British colonization of the Americas started with the unsuccessful settlement attempts in Roanoke (1585) and Newfoundland (1610). The English eventually went on to control much of Eastern North America, The Caribbean, and parts of South America. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas

Roanoke

See Roanoke

The Roanoke Colony (/ˈroʊəˌnoʊk/), also known as the Lost Colony, was the first attempt at founding a permanent English settlement in North America. It was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The colony was sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh, although he himself never set foot in it.

The initial settlement was established in the summer of 1585, but a lack of supplies and bad relations with the local Native Americans caused many of its members to return to England with Sir Francis Drake a year later, leaving behind a small detachment. These men had all disappeared by the time a second expedition led by John White, who also served as the colony's governor, arrived in July 1587. White, whose granddaughter Virginia Dare was born there shortly thereafter (making her the first English child born in the New World), left for England in late 1587 to request assistance from the government, but was prevented from returning to Roanoke until August 1590 due to the Anglo-Spanish War. Upon his arrival, the entire colony was missing with only a single clue to indicate what happened to them: the word "CROATOAN" carved into a tree.

Possible Integration with local tribes

The Francis Nelson (or Zuniga) map, c. 1607 As per Smith's and Strachey's reports, Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed. To make the journey northward, Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. Naturally, if that were the mode of transportation, the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well.[21]

In her 2000 book Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke, who were attacked by another tribe, identified by the Jamestown Colony as the "Mandoag" (an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations). The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora, an Iroquois-speaking tribe,[23]:45 or the Eno, also known as the Wainoke.[12]:255–56

The so-called "Zuniga Map" (named for Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain[24]:112), drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson, also gives credence to this claim. The map states "four men clothed that came from roonock" were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse. William Strachey wrote that, at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen, there were reportedly two-story houses with stone walls. The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers.[25]:222 In both cases, as stated above, it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan's attack on the first Roanoke colonists.[20]

There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period.[12]:250 Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men, two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present-day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.[12]:242[25]:222[26]

Spanish

Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony. Earlier in the century, the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline, a French colony near present-day Jacksonville, Florida. However, a Spanish attack is unlikely, as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England's failed colony as late as 1600, ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing.[4]:137

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Colony

French

Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America, a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America.

Portugal

Portugal colonized Brazil, tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present-day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest (on the east bank) of the River Plate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas