Household Names
A household can be thought of in various ways. Here are some possible period Russian terms to use.
Contents
Dom
Sreznevskij - dom =
- dwelling, building.
- household equipment, domestic arrangement/structure.
- family (sem'ya), home/house/household (domashnie).
- family/stock (rod).
- estate, property.
Domachadtsy
household - Katzner
Sreznevskii:
- Domachaditsa or domochaditsa - female member of a dom, sem'ya.
- Domachadets' or domochadets' - male member of a dom, sem'ya.
Sem'ya
household, family - Katzner
Dvor
Sreznevskij - dvor =
- dwelling, dom', farmstead (usad'ba), house/home/homestead (Latin domus).
- yard (dvor') outside a house (dom'), inner court/hall (Latin aula).
Sreznevskij - knyazh' dvor' =
- home (dom') of the knyaz.
- courtyard (dvor) before the princely home (dom') where the council (veche) gathered and judicial court was held.
- princely property (imushchestvo).
- princely people (lyudi).
Slovar Russkogo Iazyka XI-XVII vv - #3 definition:
- Совокупность служилых людей или вассалов при усадъбе феодала; войско, состоящее из этих людей.
- the aggregate (sum total) of serving people or vassals attached to estate/farmstead of a feudal lord; army consisting of these people
Name Patterns
Slovar Russkogo Iazyka XI-XVII vv - #3 definition:
- Совокупность служилых людей или вассалов при усадъбе феодала; войско, состоящее из этих людей.
- the aggregate (sum total) of serving people or vassals attached to estate/farmstead of a feudal lord; army consisting of these people
Sreznevski p 643
- #2 early quote:
- dwelling, dom', farmstead (usad'ba), house/home/homestead (Latin domus).
- yard (dvor') outside a house (dom'), inner court/hall (Latin aula).
- "Priekha (knyaz) na Yaroslavl' dvor";
Sreznevskij - knyazh' dvor'
- home (dom') of the knyaz.
- dvor" razboinich'ski i tat'sky
- dvor" teremyi
- dvor" gorod'skij
- courtyard (dvor) before the princely home (dom') where the council (veche) gathered and judicial court was held.
- na knyazhescom dvore
- princely property (imushchestvo).
- princely people (lyudi).
- variations on "svoj dvor", "dvor" svoj"
- Kras'nij dvor", also dvor" kras'nij
https://imwerden.de/pdf/sreznevsky_slovar_drevnerusskogo_jazyka_tom1_a-k.pdf (PDF page 332)
Russian Primary Chronicle - http://www.old-russian.chat.ru/01povest.htm (uses both Laurentian and Ipateevski texts?). Translation of Laurentian text per Samuel Cross (https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf )
- yr 882 - "И убили Аскольда и Дира, отнесли на гору и погребли Аскольда на горе, которая называется ныне Угорской, где теперь Ольмин двор;"
- "They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill now known as Hungarian, where the castle of Ol'ma (Ol'min dvor) now stands."
- yr 945 - "Город же Киев был там, где ныне двор Гордяты и Никифора, а княжеский двор был в городе, где ныне двор Воротислава и Чудина, а место для ловли птиц было вне города; был вне города и другой двор, где стоит сейчас двор доместика, позади церкви святой Богородицы; над горою был теремной двор"
- Rough - The very city of Kiev was there, where the lower court of Gordyata and Nikifor (dvor Gordyaty i Nikifora), and princely court (knyazheskij dvor) was in the city, where lower court Vorotislav and Chudin (dvor Vorotislava i Chudina), while the place where hunted birds was outside the city; was outside the city another court (dvor), where stands now court domestic (dvor domestika), behind the church of Holy Mother of God; on the hill was the terem court"
- Per Cross - "The city of Kiev was on the present site of the residence (dvor) of Gordyata and Nicephorus, and the prince's palace (dvor) was in the city where the residence (dvor) of Vratislav and Chudin now stands, while the hunting grounds were outside the city. Without the city stood another palace (dvor), where the palace of the Cantors (dvor domestika) is now situated, behind the Church of the Holy Virgin upon the heights. This was a palace with a stone hall."
- part 3, 1015 - "Новгородцы восстали и перебили варягов во дворе Поромоньем."
- "Новгородци избиша 53 Варѧгъı . во дво|рѣ Поромони ." - http://litopys.org.ua/lavrlet/lavr06.htm
- My translation - Novgorodians rose up and killed Varangians in the court of Poromonya.
- Per Cross "The men of Novgorod then rose and killed the Varangians in their market place."(different text from above?)
- yr 1068 - "И стали люди роптать на воеводу Коснячка; пошли на гору с веча, и пришли на двор Коснячков, и, не найдя его, стали у двора Брячислава, и сказали: "Пойдем освободим дружину свою из темницы"."
- Rough - And stood people to grumble on voevod Kosnyachko: they went to the hill from the vecche, and came to the court of Kosnyachko, and not finding him, stood at the court of Bryachislav...
- Cross - Then the people began to murmur against his general Constantine. From the place of assembly, they mounted the hill, but when they arrived before the house (dvor) of Constantine, they could not find him. They then halted before the house (dvor) of Bryachislav
- yr 1097 "Прибыл же и Давыд с ним, точно некий улов уловив. И посадили его во дворе Вакееве, и приставили стеречь его тридцать человек и двух отроков княжих, Улана и Колчка."
- Rough - And came also Davyd with him, exactly like a catch had caught. And they settled him in the court of Vakeev, and established guard of 30 people and 2 otrok of the princes, Ulan and Kolcek.
- Cross - David accompanied them, and behaved as if he had captured some prize. They quartered Vasil'ko in the Vakeev palace (v dvore Vakeeva), and placed over him a guard of thirty men, as well as two servants of the Prince named Ulan and Kolchko.
- yr 1113 "Киевляне же разграбили двор Путяты тысяцкого, напали на евреев, разграбили их имущество."
- "Киӕни же разъграбиша дворъ Путѧтинъ . тысѧчького 39 І . идоша на Жиды . и разграбиша ӕ . " per Ipateevski Codex - http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat12.htm#r1113
- Rough - Kievans razgrabili court of Putyata thousands, fell on the Jews, razgravili their property ?. And send again Kievans to Vladimir saying, "Come, prince,
- Cross - not included translation.
Masterskaya
masterskaya = workshop, studio. [Katzner]
Druzhina
Related to the Russian word for friend, друг.
Sreznevskij on druzhina:
- comrade/traveling companion - 11th cent. to 15th cent. entries
- retinue of people close to the prince in ancient Rus, the princely council and princely standing army; made up of boyars, gridi, narochitie liudi (well-to-do people), sotskie, desyatskie; sometimes the word druzhina indicates the primary princely duma, so that the word takes the place of the expressions: boyare and elders [startsy]. Sreznevskij has entries for the related terms bol'shaya druzhina [bigger], molodshaya druzhina [younger], pered'nyaya druzhina [front], and pervaya [first]. - 10th cent. to 14th cent entries
- army in general - 13th cent. to 14th cent. entries
Druzhinnik [дружинник] - member of the druzhina
Druzhinnitsa [дружинница] - female member of a druzhina, wife of a druzhinnik
An armed retinue in ancient Rus' that served the prince and formed the main military force. In peacetime, the members were in charge of local districts and in war, formed the core of the army. They were closely associated with the prince, receiving full support/provision from him in addition to influential administrative posts. They counseled the prince, and participated in diplomatic negotiations. In the chronicles, the word druzhina is sometimes applied more widely - to refer to the national militia, the entire princely army, or smaller military troops. [Encyclopedia of Ukraine]
The noble council, boiarskaia duma, developed out of the princely retinue of warrior chieftains (druzhina), whose leading members became boyars with estates and commercial interests. [MacKenzie and Curran, p39]
In peace time, the members of the druzhina served their lord as administrators, diplomats, and household staff, which is why “druzhina” is often translated as “retinue”. [Kovalevsky, Kubijovyc, Riha]
Definition from Dal’ – combatant, militiaman, warrior, zemstvo soldier.
Similar to Anglo-Saxon huscarls
Russian Primary Chronicle:
- Year 945 [6453] - In this year, Igor's retinue [druzhina] said to him, "The servants [otroki] of Sveinald are adorned with weapons and fine raiment, but we are naked... He dismissed his retainers [druzhina] on their journey homeward, but... returned on his tracks with a few of his followers [druzhini]... and the Derevlians came forth... and slew Igor' and his company [druzhinniki], for the number of the latter was few... The Derevlians inquired of Olga where the retinue [druzhina] was which they had sent to meet her. She replied that they were following with her husband's bodyguard [druzhina]." [Russian Chronicle, Riha]
- 1091 [6???] "foremost druzhina" - передьнюю дружину.
- 1160 [6668] "and his Druzhina they put into a dungeon..." - дружину
- 1167 [6675] "and Danislav Lazutinits went with a company to Kiev" - дружиною
- 1191 [6699] "and took with him the foremost Druzhina of the men of Novgorod..." - переьнюю дружину
- 1192 [6700] "having sent his court with the men of Pleskov to make war..." - дворъ свои
- 1195 [6703] "gridba" translated as bodyguard.
- 1200 [7708] "...Nezdila Pekhtsinits went as Voyevoda to Luki; he went with a small Druzhina from Luki into Lotygola..." - малом дружины [a non-royal druzhina]
- 1218 [6726] "all six Knyazes, each with his Boyars and courtiers..." - 6 князь... бояры и дворяны
- 1218 [6726] "These righteous Knyazes of Ryazan met their end... with their Druzhina..." - князи... съ своею дружиною (same group of people as in above entry)
- 1229 [6737] "took much money from Yarslav's favourites..." - яреслалихъ любъвницехъ
- 1234 [6742] "and the citizens [огнишан] and body-guard [гридба] and some of the merchants [купьць] and traders [гости] drove them out of the town"
- 1234 [6742] "knyaz's household" - княжь децкои
- 1245 [6753] "the Knyaz pursued them with his own court and defeated them..." - съ своимь дворомь
- 1265 [6773] "He gathered about him his father's soldiers and friends..." - вои отца своего и приятели
- 1266 [6774] "only Knyaz Gerden alone escaped with a small Druzhina." - мале дружине
- 1282 [6790] "Dmitri's men went out from the town because the men of NOvgorod had showed them the road, and they plundered the town." - мужи Дмитриеве
etc.
- 1445 [6953] "And Knyaz Ivan Ondreyevich and Knyaz Vasili Yaroslavich escaped wounded, with a small following." - мале дружине
Bratstvo, Bratiia, Bratiitsa
Bratstvo, Bratiia - brotherhood or fraternity [Katzner]
Bratstvo [Братьство] Sreznevsky:
- fraternitas -
- Къ единоцхадоуоумоу братьство. Исб. 1073 г 28. (Ср Ио. Злат. толк. на Гал. IV. 19)
- Полсоужи дховьнымъ ведоуштиимъ яко яже глеши гдня сать на
- крестное братсво: дела по нему какъ и по женитьбе и пр. пренадлежали суду церковному. Уст. Церк. XV в. (Ср. Собор. см. 1667 г.).
- княжеское братство: Мне князю великому тобе брата своего держати въ братъстве безъ обиды во всемъ. Дог. гр. Дм. Ив. 1362 г. А сынъ мои князя Юрья и свою братью молодшюю въ братьстве безъ обиды. Дух. Дм. Ив. 1389 г. ... итд
- монашеская братия: Ни приемлю что от братьства ни вдаю. Никон. Панд. сл. 4. Мятежь братьствоу сътворити .. пакость братьствоу. т. ж. сл. 6.Стреишина братьствоу всему. Ефр. Сир. XIII в.
Bratiia [братия, Братья] - Sreznevsky:
- brothers, comrades - fratres, socii - lots and lots of entries
Bratitsa [Братиица, Братица] - Sreznevsky:
- brothers, comrades - fratres, socii - Кирило церньчищо многогрешныи съ своею братиицею... Посл. Кир Бплоз. ок. 1400 г. А язъ грешнъии съ своею братицею, господине. елика сила, радъ Бога молити о тебе нашемъ гопсондине. т. ж. Тако бы еси, госпондине, и по мостъ животе, имелъ любовь крепку... къ сыну моему Инокентию къ моеи братици. Дух. Кер. Бплоз. 1427 г. См. братьеца.
Stad or Staya
(pack/herd/flock)
The Russian word staya (стая) is not the same word as stado (стадо), although there is some overlap and both are period Russian words.
According to Sreznevsky, stado (стадо) was used in period to mean: a herd of cattle, a flock of birds, a crowd of people, a huge throng/multitude, congregation/religious flock, the brothers/monks of a single monastery.
Sreznevsky on staya (стая): den/lair, barn, shelter/haven, large tent, entry, passage, bastion, monastery.
He gives no examples of use of either as a proper name along the lines of our idea of a household name, but that's not surprising. Medieval Russian texts aren't nearly as keen on recording full names and titles as we are. Unfortunately.
But the use of staya in period to refer to a discrete group of people such as a bastion (11th cent.) or monastery (1260) makes its use as a household name (as defined in the SCA) plausible.
Gnezdo
nest
Per Sreznevsky:
Гн»е»здо – greek, latin: -- Лисиц»а» ложаим»е»ть, ипътиц»а» ибсьскъ»я» гн»е»зда ( ибсьскъ»я» гн»е»зда (greek) . Мф VIII. 20. VIII. 20. Остр. Ев.Ащелучишиптичегн»е»здо (греек). Вмз. XXII. Бпосп. XIV в. (Амф.).итд.
-- По Рускои земли прострошася Половци, акы пардуже гн»е»здо. Сл. Плк. Игор.
-- племя, родъ, семья: -- Не дасть гн»е»зда своего въ обиду. Сл. Плк. Игор. Дремлетъ въ пол»е» Ольгово хороброе чн»е»здо далече залет»е»ло. Т. Ж. Братьеца моя милая, Руск»и»е князи, гн»е»здо есмя были едино князя великаго Ивана Даниловича. Сл. О Задон. III.
-- Итд.
Translation:
Nest – greek, nidus: -- The fox has her lodge, and the bird [of the air] her nest. Matthew 8:20 Ostromir Gospel [date]. And better the bird’s nest (greek). … XXII. … 14th cent. Ten bird’s nests (greek). … 11th cent. (…). Etc.
-- Across the Russian land were frightened by Polovtsy, even [?] nest. Tale of Igor’s Campaign.
-- tribe, people, family: -- Do not put one’s nest in harm. Tale of Igor’s Campaign. [Dremlet’] in the field [khorobroe] nest [daleche] flew. Ibid. My sweet little brother, Russian knyazes, nest [esmya] were one/alone of grand prince Ivan Danilovich. The ZadonshchinaIII.
Other ideas to look at:
Company, Guild, Fellowship, Order
References:
Dal' -
Katzner, Kenneth - English-Russian Russian-English Dictionary. 1984.
Sreznevsky, I.I. Материали для Словаря Древней Русского Языка (_Material for a Dictionary of the Ancient Russian Language_) available online on various sites.
